Turkey's highest religious authority, the Diyanet, has instructed a commission of scholars to re-evaluate the Hadith (oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Prophet Mohammad) with respect to modern society

Turkish Islam has always had a very different face and practice to Arab or African Islam

Ottoman expansion forced Muslims to embrace and co-exist with Christian and other groups. This tradition of diversity allowed for the inclusive societal model, the millet system, a type of religious federalism

Turkey's Sufism has a non-literal and inclusive reading of religion

There is no place for enemies or "others" in this system. Gulen, Turkey's best-known and most modern Sufi philosopher, rejects the idea that a clash between the "East" and "West" is necessary, desirable or inevitable and frequently emphasizes that there should be freedom of worship and thought in Turkey.