
A big part of conducting a fair clinical trial is controlling all the factors. This is the only way to prove a very specific cause for the effect that you are seeing. For instance, there is a group of college students who all fail an exam. They all stayed up late the night before the exam. So staying up late causes students to perform poorly on exams? There is no way to tell from this data! You would need to have a control group for all factors that may contribute to the grade. These may include GPA, drug-alcohol use, amount of time spent studying etc. There are factors that were controlled in this study about the laser comb. When a study is randomized the participants do not know which control group they are in.